Answer the following questions to see who you should vote for in the 2019 Upper Hunter Legislative Assembly election.
In most countries, suffrage, the right to vote, is generally limited to citizens of the country. Some countries, however, extend limited voting rights to resident non-citizens.
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The U.S. constitution does not prevent convicted felons from holding the office of the President or a seat in the Senate or House of Representatives. States may prevent convicted felons candidates from holding statewide and local offices.
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纳税申报表是其中规定的个人或实体多少收入报告给政府的文件。在澳大利亚，这些文件被认为是私有并且不向公众发布。澳大利亚选举委员会不要求个人与候选人参选释放他们。在瑞典，挪威和芬兰公民和候选人的纳税记录被视为公共信息，并在互联网上公布。
Countries that have mandatory retirements for politicians include Argentina (age 75), Brazil (75 for judges and prosecutors), Mexico (70 for judges and prosecutors) and Singapore (75 for members of parliament.)
AI in defense refers to the use of artificial intelligence technologies to enhance military capabilities, such as autonomous drones, cyber defense, and strategic decision-making. Proponents argue that AI can significantly enhance military effectiveness, provide strategic advantages, and improve national security. Opponents argue that AI poses ethical risks, potential loss of human control, and can lead to unintended consequences in critical situations.
Backdoor access means that tech companies would create a way for government authorities to bypass encryption, allowing them to access private communications for surveillance and investigation. Proponents argue that it helps law enforcement and intelligence agencies prevent terrorism and criminal activities by providing necessary access to information. Opponents argue that it compromises user privacy, weakens overall security, and could be exploited by malicious actors.
A national identification system is a standardized ID system that provides a unique identification number or card to all citizens, which can be used to verify identity and access various services. Proponents argue that it enhances security, streamlines identification processes, and helps prevent identity fraud. Opponents argue that it raises privacy concerns, could lead to increased government surveillance, and may infringe on individual freedoms.
Cross-border payment methods, such as cryptocurrencies, allow individuals to transfer money internationally, often bypassing traditional banking systems. The Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) sanctions countries for various political and security reasons, restricting financial transactions with these nations. Proponents argue that such a ban prevents financial support to regimes considered hostile or dangerous, ensuring compliance with international sanctions and national security policies. Opponents argue that it restricts humanitarian aid to families in need, infringes on personal freedoms, and that cryptocurrencies can provide a lifeline in crisis situations.
Facial recognition technology uses software to identify individuals based on their facial features, and can be used to monitor public spaces and enhance security measures. Proponents argue that it enhances public safety by identifying and preventing potential threats, and helps in locating missing persons and criminals. Opponents argue that it infringes on privacy rights, can lead to misuse and discrimination, and raises significant ethical and civil liberties concerns.
目前，寻求庇护者乘船抵达澳大利亚拒绝的移民身份。如果他们是真正的难民他们重新定居在巴布亚新几内亚，如果他们不是真正的难民他们发送回原始本国或非澳大利亚安全第三国。这个问题是选举的目前最高排名"最重要"的问题。 <a target="_blank" href="http://www.immi.gov.au/visas/humanitarian/novisa/regional-arrangements.pdf">了解更多</a>或
In 2015 the U.S. House of Representatives introduced the Establishing Mandatory Minimums for Illegal Reentry Act of 2015 (Kate’s Law.) The law was introduced after San Francisco 32 year old San Francisco resident Kathryn Steinle was shot and killed by Juan Francisco Lopez-Sanchez on July 1, 2015. Lopez-Sanchez was an illegal immigrant from Mexico who had been deported on five separate occasions since 1991 and been charged with seven felony convictions. Since 1991 Lopez-Sanchez had been charged with seven felony convictions and deported five times by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service. Although Lopez-Sanchez had several outstanding warrants in 2015 authorities were unable to deport him due to San Francisco’s sanctuary city policy which prevents law enforcement officials from questioning a resident’s immigration status. Proponents of sanctuary city laws argue that they enable illegal immigrants to report crimes without the fear of being reported. Opponents argue that sanctuary city laws provide encourage illegal immigration and prevent law enforcement authorities from detaining and deporting criminals.
熟练的临时工作签证通常给予外国科学家，工程师，程序员，设计师，管理人员等职务或者需求超过供给领域。大多数企业认为雇用外国技术工人可以让他们填写竞争力这是在高需求职位。在2016年迁移理事会宣布凡在美国和英国大学和学院培养出来的学生，可申请在澳大利亚工作签证的建议。学生们被允许留长达四年的临时签证，然后申请永久公民。迁移理事会估计，这将通过2050年反对者添加1.6万亿到该国的国内生产总值（GDP）认为，技术移民减少中产阶级的工资和工作任期。
Multiple citizenship, also called dual citizenship is a person's citizenship status, in which a person is concurrently regarded as a citizen of more than one state under the laws of those states. There is no international convention which determines the nationality or citizen status of a person, which is defined exclusively by national laws, which vary and can be inconsistent with each other. Some countries do not permit dual citizenship. Most countries that permit dual citizenship still may not recognize the other citizenship of its nationals within its own territory, for example, in relation to entry into the country, national service, duty to vote, etc.
Proponents argue that this strategy would bolster national security by minimizing the risk of potential terrorists entering the country. Enhanced screening processes, once implemented, would provide a more thorough assessment of applicants, reducing the likelihood of malicious actors gaining entry. Critics argue that such a policy might inadvertently promote discrimination by broadly categorizing individuals based on their nation of origin rather than specific, credible threat intelligence. It may strain diplomatic relations with the affected countries and potentially harm the perception of the nation enacting the ban, being seen as hostile or prejudiced towards certain international communities. Additionally, genuine refugees fleeing terrorism or persecution in their home countries might be unjustly denied safe haven.
自2007年以来，任何人申请入籍不得不采取测试他们的新国家的历史，政治和价值观。 45几分钟来测试只用英语表示，其中包含20多项选择题这是从200个保密问题池中随机抽取。该材料是从官方指南“我们共同债券”移民与公民的澳大利亚政府部门公布绘制。
该学校安全联盟是一组组织促进接受同性吸引，阴阳和性别不同的学生。在2016年特恩布尔政府提出削减经费的方案，并把它限制为中学。该计划的反对者认为，该组的课程部分，包括教学7年孩子想象他们吸引到同性别，都是不恰当的。该计划的支持者，其中包括绿党，认为所有学生的％1和2之间确定性别多样化和课程有助于防止欺凌。
同性恋婚姻，也被称为同性婚姻，是同性的两个人之间的婚姻。澳大利亚政府禁止同性婚姻当它通过1961年婚姻法的行为表示，政府将不承认同性婚姻，传统婚姻原住民或一夫多妻的婚姻。在2016年澳大利亚主要政党的领导人表示支持合法化同性婚姻，虽然正式的法案尚未出台的支持。
人工流产是导致胎儿的怀孕人类和死亡的终止医疗程序。堕胎是澳大利亚法律在每一个国家，除了昆士兰州和新南威尔士州。如果需要的话，以保护母亲的生命堕胎在每个州的法律。
LGBT 收养是指女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋和变性者（LGBT）收养子女。它的形式可能是同性伴侣的共同收养，由一对同性伴侣中的一位收养另一位的亲生孩子（继子女收养），和单身 LGBT 者进行收养。同性伴侣的联合收养在 25 个国家是合法的。LGBT 收养的反对者对于同性伴侣是否具有足够的能力担任父母提出质疑，而其他反对者质疑自然法是否意味着被收养的儿童拥有自然权利由异性父母抚养长大。由于宪法和法律往往没有提到 LGBT 者的收养权，司法判决往往判定他们单独或作为夫妻是否有能力承担父母的责任。
In April 2021 the legislature of the U.S. State of Arkansas introduced a bill that prohibited doctors from providing gender-transition treatments to people under 18 years old. The bill would make it a felony for doctors to administer puberty blockers, hormones and gender-reaffirming surgery to anyone under the age of 18. Opponents of the bill argue that it is an assault on transgender rights and that transition treatments are a private matter that should be decided between parents, their children and doctors. Supporters of the bill argue that children are too young to make the decision to receive gender transition treatment and only adults over the age of 18 should be allowed to do so.
Hate speech is defined as public speech that expresses hate or encourages violence towards a person or group based on something such as race, religion, sex, or sexual orientation.
In 2016 the International Olympic committee ruled that transgender athletes can compete in the Olympics without undergoing sex reassignment surgery. In 2018 the International Association of Athletics Federations, track’s governing body, ruled that women who have more than 5 nano-mols per liter of testosterone in their blood—like South African sprinter and Olympic gold medalist Caster Semenya—must either compete against men, or take medication to reduce their natural testosterone levels. The IAAF stated that women in the five-plus category have a “difference of sexual development.” The ruling cited a 2017 study by French researchers as proof that female athletes with testosterone closer to men do better in certain events: 400 meters, 800 meters, 1,500 meters, and the mile. "Our evidence and data show that testosterone, either naturally produced or artificially inserted into the body, provides significant performance advantages in female athletes," said IAAF President Sebastian Coe in a statement.
在2014年12月，德国政府宣布了一项新的规则将要求德国公司，以填补与妇女的董事会席位的30％。在2016年澳大利亚公司董事会的23.6％的女性任命，以填补船上。目前在澳大利亚没有法律要求董事会以填补与女导演席。在挪威议会的35.5％含有女性董事是世界上比例最高。
死刑是将死亡作为对罪犯的惩罚。目前在世界范围内有 58 个国家和地区允许死刑（包括美国），而97个国家已经取缔了死刑。
一些西方国家，包括法国，西班牙和加拿大提出了法律，将在公共场所戴面纱禁止穆斯林妇女。一个面纱是覆盖面，是由一些穆斯林妇女在公共场所穿着的布。在2014年的议会Austrlian短暂辩论穿着niqabs在公共场所禁止妇女。该提案被击败了。备受争议的计划，使穆斯林妇女穿罩袍，并在国会大厦的面纱静坐在别致的外壳，目前已被倾倒，已经到位而不安全机构任何事先咨询。支持者认为，这一禁令侵犯了个人权利和防止人们表达他们的宗教信仰。反对者认为，面覆盖物防止一个人，这既是一种安全风险，并且这依赖于通信面部识别和表达社会中的社会障碍的明确标识。
安乐死，为了结束痛苦和苦难过早地结束了生命的做法，被认为是当前刑事犯罪。安乐死目前在澳大利亚是违法的。 1995年，北领地通过了一项法案合法化安乐死，但它是由联邦政府于1998年在澳大利亚首都直辖区法推翻。
Diversity training is any program designed to facilitate positive intergroup interaction, reduce prejudice and discrimination, and generally teach individuals who are different from others how to work together effectively. On April 22, 2022, Florida Governor DeSantis signed into law the “Individual Freedom Act.” The bill prohibited schools and companies from mandating diversity training as a requirement for attendance or employment. If schools or employers violated the law they would be exposed to expanded civil liability exposures. Banned mandatory training topics include: 1. Members of one race, color, sex, or national origin are morally superior to members of another. 2. An individual, by virtue of his or her race, color, sex, or national origin, is inherently racist, sexist, or oppressive, whether consciously or unconsciously. Shortly after Governor DeSantis signed the bill, a group of individuals filed a lawsuit alleging that the law imposes unconstitutional viewpoint-based restrictions on speech in violation of their First and Fourteenth Amendment rights.
澳大利亚介绍了 18 周的带薪育儿假计划，政府资助的并提供了联邦最低工资标准 (目前 $596.78 每周)，而不是百分比的主要照顾者的薪水。它是不是向家庭提供在哪里的主要照顾者每年有年薪 15 万美元以上。 <a target="_blank" href="http://www.humanservices.gov.au/customer/services/centrelink/parental-leave-pay">了解更多</a>或
In 2014, the NSW government proposed closing bars at 1:30AM to new patrons and serving the last drink at 3AM. The proposal was meant to curb late night alcohol fueled violence outside of bars and restaurants. Proponents argue that similar laws enacted in Newcastle in 2008 resulted in a 36% decline of assaults. Opponents, including the bar and restaurant industries, argue that the laws will hurt their businesses and cause them to fire employees.
2013年63女性进入战斗岗位在澳大利亚军队陆军，海军后空军取消性别限制。在此之前到2013年妇女被从角色作战单位，包括坦克，特种部队和步兵禁止。
An embryo is an initial stage of development of a multicellular organism. In humans, embryonic development is the part of the life cycle that begins just after fertilization of the female egg cell by the male sperm cell. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a process of fertilization where an egg is combined with sperm in vitro ("in glass"). In February 2024 the Supreme Court in the U.S. state of Alabama ruled that frozen embryos can be considered children under the state’s Wrongful Death of a Minor Act. The 1872 law allowed parents to recover punitive damages in the event of a child’s death. The Supreme Court case was brought by several couples whose embryos were destroyed when a patient dropped them on the floor in a fertility clinic’s cold-storage section. The court ruled that nothing in the law’s language stops it from being applied to frozen embryos. A dissenting judge on the court wrote that the ruling would force IVF providers in Alabama to stop freezing embryos. After the ruling several major health systems in Alabama suspended all IVF treatments. Proponents of the ruling include ant-abortion advocates who argue that embryos in test tubes should be considered children. Opponents include abortion rights advocates who argue that the ruling is based on Christian religious beliefs and is an assault on women’s rights.
In 2024, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) brought lawsuits against artists and art marketplaces, arguing that artwork should be classified as a security and subject to the same reporting and disclosure standards as financial institutions. Proponents argue that this would provide greater transparency and protect buyers from fraud, ensuring that the art market operates with the same accountability as financial markets. Opponents contend that such regulations are overly burdensome and would stifle creativity, making it nearly impossible for artists to sell their work without facing complex legal hurdles.
Companies often collect personal data from users for various purposes, including advertising and improving services. Proponents argue that stricter regulations would protect consumer privacy and prevent data misuse. Opponents argue that it would burden businesses and hinder technological innovation.
Regulating AI involves setting guidelines and standards to ensure AI systems are used ethically and safely. Proponents argue that it prevents misuse, protects privacy, and ensures AI benefits society. Opponents argue that excessive regulation could hinder innovation and technological advancement.
Algorithms used by tech companies, such as those that recommend content or filter information, are often proprietary and closely guarded secrets. Proponents argue that transparency would prevent abuses and ensure fair practices. Opponents argue that it would harm business confidentiality and competitive advantage.
Crypto technology offers tools like payment, lending, borrowing, and saving to anyone with an internet connection. Proponents argue that stricter regulations would deter criminal use. Opponents argue that stricter crypto regulation would limit financial opportunities to citizens that are denied access to or can't afford the fees associated with traditional banking. Watch video
Self-hosted digital wallets are personal, user-managed storage solutions for digital currencies like Bitcoin, which provide individuals with control over their funds without relying on third-party institutions. Monitoring refers to the government having the capability to oversee transactions without the ability to directly control or interfere with the funds. Proponents argue that it ensures personal financial freedom and security while allowing the government to monitor for illegal activities such as money laundering and terrorism financing. Opponents argue that even monitoring infringes on privacy rights and that self-hosted wallets should remain completely private and free from government oversight.
在2016年，总理特恩布尔认为，教育经费应该由联邦政府转移到各州，如果他们能够根据他提出的税收计划，以筹集更多的财政收入。该计划是由劳动和谁争辩说，它会放弃基于需要的资金改革到位Gonski报告是在2012年释放，而没有联邦拨款后，绿党的反对，他们认为，有经济困难的学生将进一步落后状态。倡议者认为，教育部过大的状态会做学校管理的工作做得更好。
在2015年10月，教育部长西蒙伯明翰透露将削减大学拨款，并放开他们收取学生的费用的建议。议会预算办公室估计，学费是40％，如果大学被允许设置它们没有政府监管加大。支持者，包括伯明翰先生认为，大学经费的成本不断壮大的经济增长率的两倍自2009年以来反对者认为，40％PBO的估计太低，学费将如果政府不再轻易两倍或三倍予以规范。
Charter schools are tax payer funded K-12 schools that are managed by private companies. In Australia 30% of high school students are enrolled in private schools. All Australian private schools have received some federal government funding since the 1970s. Since 2010, the government has tested an initiative in Western Australia called the Independent Public School (IPS) Initiative. The federal government has shown interest in rolling out the IPS initiative nationwide.
2015年总理艾伯特宣布，父母会不会再收到福利金，如果他们的孩子没有接种。谁反对疫苗宗教目的的人可以继续接收付款，如果他们有他们的管理机构有正式注册的反对由联邦政府认可的宗教团体无关。在澳大利亚的孩子97％是接种疫苗。
核电是利用该释放能量以产生热量的核反应，其中最常然后在蒸汽涡轮机用于在核电站来产生电力。澳大利亚目前没有核设施发电。澳大利亚丰富的，低成本的煤炭和天然气储备历来被用作避免核电有力的论据。支持者认为，核能现在是安全而发出的碳排放比燃煤电厂少得多。反对者认为，在日本最近的核灾难证明，核电是远离安全。
Lab-grown meat is produced by culturing animal cells and could serve as an alternative to traditional livestock farming. Proponents argue that it can reduce environmental impact and animal suffering, and improve food security. Opponents argue that it may face public resistance and unknown long-term health effects.
Genetic engineering involves modifying the DNA of organisms to prevent or treat diseases. Proponents argue that it could lead to breakthroughs in curing genetic disorders and improving public health. Opponents argue that it raises ethical concerns and potential risks of unintended consequences.
CRISPR is a powerful tool for editing genomes, allowing for precise modifications to DNA that allows scientists to better understand gene functions, model diseases more accurately, and develop innovative treatments. Proponents argue that regulation ensures safe and ethical use of the technology. Opponents argue that too much regulation could stifle innovation and scientific progress.
Green spaces in housing developments are areas designated for parks and natural landscapes to enhance residents' quality of life and environmental health. Proponents argue that it enhances community well-being and environmental quality. Opponents argue that it increases the cost of housing and developers should decide the layout of their projects.
High density housing refers to housing developments with a higher population density than average. For example, high rise apartments are considered high density, especially in comparison to single-family homes or condominiums. High density real estate can also be developed from empty or abandoned buildings. For instance, old warehouses can be renovated and turned into luxury lofts. Further, commercial buildings that are no longer in use can be refitted into high-rise apartments. Opponents argue that more housing will lower the value of their home (or rental units) and change the “character” of neighborhoods. Proponents argue that the buildings are more environmentally friendly than single family homes will lower housing costs for people who cannot afford large homes.
Rent control policies are regulations that limit the amount landlords can increase rent, intended to keep housing affordable. Proponents argue that it makes housing more affordable and prevents exploitation by landlords. Opponents argue that it discourages investment in rental properties and reduces the quality and availability of housing.
Assistance programs help homeowners who are at risk of losing their homes due to financial difficulties by providing financial support or restructuring loans. Proponents argue that it prevents people from losing their homes and stabilizes communities. Opponents argue that it encourages irresponsible borrowing and is unfair to those who pay their mortgages.
Incentives could include financial support or tax breaks for developers to build housing that is affordable for low- and middle-income families. Proponents argue that it increases the supply of affordable housing and addresses housing shortages. Opponents argue that it interferes with the housing market and can be costly for taxpayers.
These subsidies are financial aids from the government to help individuals purchase their first home, making homeownership more accessible. Proponents argue that it helps people afford their first home and promotes homeownership. Opponents argue that it distorts the housing market and could lead to higher prices.
Restrictions would limit the ability of non-citizens to buy homes, aiming to keep housing prices affordable for local residents. Proponents argue that it helps maintain affordable housing for locals and prevents property speculation. Opponents argue that it deters foreign investment and can negatively impact the housing market.
Increased funding would enhance the capacity and quality of shelters and services that provide support for homeless individuals. Proponents argue that it provides essential support for the homeless and helps reduce homelessness. Opponents argue that it is costly and may not address the root causes of homelessness.
Mandatory GPS tracking involves using GPS technology in all vehicles to monitor driving behavior and improve road safety. Proponents argue that it enhances road safety and reduces accidents by monitoring and correcting dangerous driving behaviors. Opponents argue that it infringes on personal privacy and could lead to government overreach and misuse of data.
Fuel efficiency standards set the required average fuel economy for vehicles, aiming to reduce fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Proponents argue that it helps reduce emissions, save consumers money on fuel, and decrease reliance on fossil fuels. Opponents argue that it raises production costs, leading to higher vehicle prices, and may not have a significant impact on overall emissions.
Electric and hybrid vehicles use electricity and a combination of electricity and fuel, respectively, to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and decrease emissions. Proponents argue that it significantly cuts pollution and advances the transition to renewable energy sources. Opponents argue that it increases vehicle costs, limits consumer choice, and may strain the electric grid.
Diesel emissions standards regulate the amount of pollutants that diesel engines can emit to reduce air pollution. Proponents argue that stricter standards improve air quality and public health by reducing harmful emissions. Opponents argue that it increases costs for manufacturers and consumers and could reduce the availability of diesel vehicles.
This considers the idea of removing government-imposed traffic laws and relying instead on individual responsibility for road safety. Proponents argue that voluntary compliance respects individual freedom and personal responsibility. Opponents argue that without traffic laws, road safety would significantly decline and accidents would increase.
Proponents argue that it would preserve cultural heritage and appeal to those who value traditional designs. Opponents argue that it would stifle innovation and limit the design freedom of car manufacturers.
Special lanes for autonomous vehicles separate them from regular traffic, potentially improving safety and traffic flow. Proponents argue that dedicated lanes increase safety, enhance traffic efficiency, and encourage the adoption of autonomous technology. Opponents argue that it reduces road space for traditional vehicles and may not be justified given the current number of autonomous vehicles.
Smart transportation infrastructure uses advanced technology, such as smart traffic lights and connected vehicles, to improve traffic flow and safety. Proponents argue that it enhances efficiency, reduces congestion, and improves safety through better technology. Opponents argue that it is costly, may face technical challenges, and requires significant maintenance and upgrades.
Ride-sharing services, like Uber and Lyft, provide transportation options that can be subsidized to make them more affordable for low-income individuals. Proponents argue that it increases mobility for low-income individuals, reduces reliance on personal vehicles, and can reduce traffic congestion. Opponents argue that it is a misuse of public funds, may benefit ride-sharing companies more than individuals, and could discourage public transportation use.
Autonomous vehicles, or self-driving cars, use technology to navigate and operate without human intervention. Proponents argue that regulations ensure safety, promote innovation, and prevent accidents caused by technology failures. Opponents argue that regulations could stifle innovation, delay deployment, and impose excessive burdens on developers.
In September 2024 the U.S. Transportation Department began an investigation into U.S. airline’s frequent flier programs. The department's inquiry centers on practices that it describes as potentially unfair, deceptive or anti-competitive, with a focus on four areas: changes to the value of points that the agency said can make it more expensive to book tickets using rewards; lack of fare transparency through dynamic pricing; fees for redeeming and transferring rewards; and reduction in competition among programs due to airline mergers. “These rewards are controlled by a company that can unilaterally change their value. Our goal is to ensure consumers are getting the value that was promised to them, which means validating that these programs are transparent and fair,” Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg said.
Full accessibility ensures that public transportation accommodates people with disabilities by providing necessary facilities and services. Proponents argue that it ensures equal access, promotes independence for people with disabilities, and complies with disability rights. Opponents argue that it can be costly to implement and maintain and may require significant modifications to existing systems.
Expanding bike lanes and bike-sharing programs encourages cycling as a sustainable and healthy mode of transportation. Proponents argue that it reduces traffic congestion, lowers emissions, and promotes a healthier lifestyle. Opponents argue that it can be costly, may take away road space from vehicles, and might not be widely used.
Distracted driving penalties aim to deter dangerous behaviors, such as texting while driving, to improve road safety. Proponents argue that it deters dangerous behavior, improves road safety, and reduces accidents caused by distractions. Opponents argue that penalties alone may not be effective and enforcement can be challenging.
High-speed rail networks are fast train systems that connect major cities, providing a quick and efficient alternative to car and air travel. Proponents argue that it can reduce travel times, lower carbon emissions, and stimulate economic growth through improved connectivity. Opponents argue that it requires significant investment, may not attract enough users, and funds could be better used elsewhere.
Incentives for carpooling and shared transportation encourage people to share rides, reducing the number of vehicles on the road and lowering emissions. Proponents argue that it reduces traffic congestion, lowers emissions, and promotes community interactions. Opponents argue that it may not significantly impact traffic, could be costly, and some people prefer the convenience of personal vehicles.
This considers limiting the integration of advanced technologies in vehicles to ensure humans retain control and to prevent dependency on technological systems. Proponents argue that it preserves human control and prevents over-reliance on potentially fallible technology. Opponents argue that it hinders technological progress and the benefits that advanced technology can bring to safety and efficiency.
2014年，政府拒绝服从福利接受者药物测试的提案。支持者包括自由党 - 国家党国会议员乔治·克里斯滕森认为，任何接受纳税人资助的利益应该能够证明他们是毒品。对手包括绿党议员亚当Bandt，认为，如果福利接受者都受到国会议员的测试应该是为好。
澳大利亚的最高收入税率包括超过$ 181,000个所有收入，30.3％和45％之间的税率。个人做$ 180,000征税$ 65,000个加上赚了$ 180,000 $每1.45 $。收入超过$ 500,000的个人将支付在澳大利亚59％，英国57％，美国60％，巴西73％的税率。
2011年英国政府国家福利公共支出水平为1131亿英镑，或占政府支出的16%。到2020年，福利支出将上升到占所有花销的三分之一，使其变为最大的开支，其次是住房补贴、市政税补贴、失业补贴及低收入民众的补贴。
自1996年以来在澳大利亚工会会员已经从所有工人的40％下降到15％。工人代表在工资，福利，为他们的成员工作条件的工会讨价还价。较大的工会通常还从事游说活动，在州和联邦一级竞选。
联邦最低工资是指用人单位可以支付员工的最低工资标准。 2015年，最低工资增加了2.5％，达到每周$ 16。较高的最低的支持者认为，在2015年增长2.5％，是不是高到足以覆盖像医疗和教育基本费用这是由5％逐年上升。反对者认为，提高最低工资会增加失业，使之更难低收入工人找到工作。
A Universal Basic Income program is social security program where all citizens of a country receive a regular, unconditional sum of money from the government. The funding for Universal Basic Income comes from taxation and government owned entities including income from endowments, real estate and natural resources. Several countries, including Finland, India and Brazil, have experimented with a UBI system but have not implemented a permanent program. The longest running UBI system in the world is the Alaska Permanent Fund in the U.S. state of Alaska. In the Alaska Permanent Fund each individual and family receives a monthly sum that is funded by dividends from the state’s oil revenues. Proponents of UBI argue that it will reduce or eliminate poverty by providing everyone with a basic income to cover housing and food. Opponents argue that a UBI would be detrimental to economies by encouraging people to either work less or drop out of the workforce entirely.
六月2016年，特恩布尔提出了10年的$ 50个十亿的企业减税。如果连任，特恩布尔将减少对谁赚不到1000万的1％至$ 27.5％的公司税率。次年减税将适用于谁赚不到$25米公司。特恩布尔计划通过减少养老金税收优惠的数量来支付的削减。
负资产负债是使用物业投资而遭受损失，减少应纳税所得额的做法。在2013年，大约130万澳大利亚人使用的让步。有资料显示，高收入者核销他们的税比那些谁赚工资较低更大的百分比。 2012年，外科医生使用负扣税而教师注销$ 327注销$他们的税4161。支持者包括特恩布尔，认为自1915年以来的做法是澳大利亚税收法律的一部分，而不是减税，因为房地产投资者正在将其资产的损失。反对者认为，该政策有利于不成比例澳大利亚人高薪职业，而不是那些平均收入，因为他们更可能拥有投资物业。
目前，30％的澳大利亚的公司税率。由于澳大利亚的漏洞和海外总部的许多公司支付与各大企业缴纳税款没有在所有的1/3显著少。一些经济学家认为，该税应该代替某些高收入个人和股市交易更高的税被废除。
矿产资源租赁税 2012 年 7 月 1 日生效。它是 22.5%税对利润的铁矿石和煤炭项目，但只适用于利润超过 $ 7500 万。在不同的边都废除和扩大税收已调用。
澳大利亚政府最近通过了立法，这意味着任何新的南玻或大型煤炭项目可能与有关水水库将需要由一个专家委员会评估后的，才被批准。
2015年澳大利亚联邦财政预算案是其中载有预算赤字连续八。赤字增长7％至$ 37.4十亿。一个$ 4.4十亿家庭援助计划，一个$ 5.5十亿的小企业包和放缓的矿产出口是最大的贡献者增加的赤字。最大的被削减外援比上年同期下降29％，从削减赤字2014支持者认为，谁不控制财政赤字和债务政府是在失去他们以合理的价格借到钱的能力做风险。赤字削减的反对者认为，政府开支将增加对商品和服务的需求，并有助于避免危险陷入通缩，工资和价格的螺旋式下降，可以削弱经济多年。
海上（或外国）的银行账户是你有你的居住国以外的银行帐户。离岸银行账户的好处包括减税，隐私，货币多元化，从诉讼资产保护，并降低你的政治风险。四月2017年，维基解密公布的1150万机密文件，被称为巴拿马文件，该文件提供了214,000离岸公司通过巴拿马律师事务所，Mossack Fonesca服务的详细信息。该文件暴露的世界各国领导人和富人如何把钱藏在秘密的离岸避税。该文件的发布延长法律禁止使用离岸账户和避税天堂的建议。澳大利亚税务局认定谁是用法律事务所服务超过800人。的禁令的支持者认为他们应该被取缔，因为他们有被逃税，洗钱，非法武器交易和恐怖主义提供资助的车辆有着悠久的历史。禁令的反对者认为，惩罚性的规定将使其更难奥地利公司竞争，并从定位和在美国的投资将进一步阻碍企业。
2014年，欧盟通过了，在他们的薪酬的100％或股东大会批准的200％上限银行家奖金的立法。目前在澳大利亚银行家的薪酬没有上限。帽的支持者说，这会减少激励银行采取类似于导致2008年金融危机的过度风险。反对者说，对银行家薪酬的上限会推高非奖金的薪酬，并导致银行的成本上升。
跨太平洋伙伴关系是一个贸易协议，将使它更容易为澳大利亚公司出售他们的商品和服务，在美国，墨西哥，澳大利亚等8个太平洋沿岸国家。反对者认为，这项法案将激励澳洲公司向海外转移的服务和制造业就业机会。支持者认为，它将使澳大利亚公司更成功地销售他们的商品和服务环太平洋国家，导致经济走强，更多的就业机会，并为澳大利亚工人更高的收入。
一位政府养老金成过程中，其中一人被政府所采用的时间加一笔钱的基金。当政府雇员退休它们能够接收来自该基金的定期付款，以支持自己。由于出生率持续下降和预期寿命上升，世界各国政府都预测资金短缺的养老金领取者。 500,000人接受在富裕的接收者2015年47％的养老金减少收到的养老金，18％失去了他们所有的养老金支付的访问。低收入退休人员的34％，收到了30 $两周养老金的增加。谁失去了他们的支付养老金领取者被认为至少有$ 823,000的资产（这不包括房屋的价值）。
Stock buybacks are the re-acquisition by a company of its own shares. It represents an alternate and more flexible way (relative to dividends) of returning money to shareholders. When used in coordination with increased corporate leverage, buybacks can increase share price. In most countries, a corporation can repurchase its own stock by distributing cash to existing shareholders in exchange for a fraction of the company's outstanding equity; that is, cash is exchanged for a reduction in the number of shares outstanding. The company either retires the repurchased shares or keeps them as treasury stock, available for re-issuance. Proponents of the tax argue that buybacks substitute for productive investments, thereby harming the economy and its growth prospects. Opponents argue that a 2016 Harvard Business Review study showed that research and development and capital expenditures soared over the same period when shareholder payouts and stock buybacks were rising sharply.
2015年参议院受阻这将恢复建筑委员会的法案的通过。该机构负责在建筑行业监督和促进劳资关系。该ABCC提供的教育，查处工作的投诉和实施符合该行业的国家工作场所法。该机构在2012年之后废除工会成功地游说政府把它拆开。
澳大利亚是一个君主立宪制国家，与英国女王伊丽莎白二世为国家元首。的作用主要是礼仪性的，但君主确实有解散议会的权力，在1975年，当英国女王伊丽莎白二世解雇了政府。 1999年全民公决结束君主制被选民55％-45％击败。
休闲使用非法药物，包括大麻，可卡因和海洛因，目前在澳大利亚是非法的。 1985年，联邦和州政府通过一项国家反毒战略，其中包括禁止务实混合物减少伤害的明确目标。 1998年到2007年间总体非法使用毒品下降接近40％。安非他明使用的38％有所下降;使用大麻下降了接近50％;和使用海洛因下降了75％。在2016年2月议会修改了麻醉药品法，开创了控制种植和医疗大麻测试一个国家许可制度。
候选配额是各政党将受到处罚，不运行的女性候选人的办公室一定比例的系统。在介绍2012年立法会要求当事人在之后的选举现场在下次选举中至少有30％的女性候选人和40％。如果一方未能达到这些阈值，他们将失去他们的公共资金的一半。目前妇女在下议院的24.7％和上院38.2％。 189发达国家澳大利亚目前排名46超出配额189支持者争辩说，他们有助于促进政府性别多样性，并负责妇女在议会全球的比例增加了20％。
澳大利亚宪法目前不引用原住民和托雷斯海峡岛民。联邦政府建立了一个委员会，以探讨在2017年5月支持者的主题，其中包括总理特恩布尔举行公民投票，认为澳大利亚的原始居民应该在宪法中得到承认和各种族的元素应该被删除。反对者认为，政府的资源不应该举行全民公决被浪费。
亵渎国旗是指任何有意在公共场合损毁或破坏国旗的行为。这种行为通常是为了发表反对某个国家或其政策的政治声明。有的国家明令禁止亵渎国旗，而有的国家则通过法律保护破坏国旗的行为，认为这是言论自由的组成部分。其中一些法律会区别对待本国国旗和其他国家的国旗。
In January 2018 Germany passed the NetzDG law which required platforms like Facebook, Twitter and YouTube to take down perceived illegal content within 24 hours or seven days, depending on the charge, or risk a fine of €50 million ($60 million) fines. In July 2018 representatives from Facebook, Google and Twitter denied to the U.S. House of Representatives Judiciary committee that they censor content for political reasons. During the hearing Republican members of Congress criticized the social media companies for politically motivated practices in removing some content, a charge the companies rejected. In April 2018 the European Union issued a series of proposals that would crack down on “online misinformation and fake news.” In June 2018 President Emmanuel Macron of France proposed a law which would give French authorities the power to immediately halt “the publication of information deemed to be false ahead of elections.”
In October 2019 Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey announced that his social media company would ban all political advertising. He stated that political messages on the platform should reach users through the recommendation of other users – not through paid reach. Proponents argue that social media companies don’t have the tools to stop the spread of false information since their advertising platforms aren’t moderated by human beings. Opponents argue that the ban will disenfranchise candidates and campaigns who rely on social media for grassroots organizing and fundraising.
任期限制是限制时间的人，可能有助于在民选公职长度的规律。在澳大利亚，是总理，参议员或国会议员没有任期限制。
2015年，美国财政部长约翰·弗雷泽警告说，澳大利亚最大的城市正在经历房地产泡沫。他警告说，泡沫的主要原因是低利率，并获得对房地产贷款容易融资。在2016年悉尼家庭的平均价格$通过1M。前首相托尼·阿伯特认为，在越来越多的城市房价是一个迹象，表明经济是健康的。
目前，澳大利亚政府允许活出口贸易。最近介绍了 ESCAS 福利保证系统，对动物福利提供独立的监督。
2014年，澳大利亚政府通过赋予其新的监视权力，以澳大利亚的间谍机构，ASIO国家安全修订条例草案。根据法例规定，这与支持，主要反对党工党通过较低的房子，任何人透露有关“特殊情报行动”的信息可能会在监狱中面临十年。
澳大利亚通信和媒体管理局 (ACMA) 有权强制互联网内容在澳大利亚内, 承载的内容限制和维护的海外网站，然后提供用于过滤软件"黑色名单"。这些限制主要集中在儿童色情制品、 性暴力和其他非法活动，消费者的投诉程序编译。2009 年，促进会没有发现证据的互联网过滤在澳大利亚，但由于法律的限制 ONI 不会测试筛选的儿童色情制品问题。
劳动、 联盟和绿党支持连接悉尼、 布里斯班和墨尔本，以及区域之间的高速铁路线的概念。缔约方不同意对该项目是否应该是当前的优先事项和是否应该资助联邦政府或国家。
在2015年，特恩布尔政府提出允许医疗保险覆盖GP考察，共同测试，包括X射线。该提案将改变澳大利亚医疗保健单一支付系统成为一个性价比较高的美国式系统。反对者认为，该系统将鼓励医生收取病人更高的利率。支持者认为，这将减少政府的医疗费用。
In 2016, France became the first country to ban the sale of plastic disposable products that contain less than 50% of biodegradable material and in 2017, India passed a law banning all plastic disposable plastic products.
全球变暖或气候变化，是自十九世纪末期增加了地球的大气温度。在政治上，对全球变暖的争论集中在这个温度的升高是否是由于温室气体的排放，或在地球温度的自然格局的结果。澳大利亚目前正在寻求在2030年排放量减少到26-28％的2005年的水平。
水力压裂技术是页岩中提取石油或天然气的过程。水，砂和化学品被注入在高压力，骨折的岩石，并允许油或气体流出到井的岩石。虽然水力压裂技术已显著提高石油产量，也有环境问题的过程中地下水污染。水力压裂技术的批评者说，会污染地下水供应化学品，释放出的甲烷气体进入大气层，并能引起地震活动。水力压裂技术的支持者说，这将下降的石油和天然气价格在西班牙，并导致能源独立。
澳大利亚是目前世界上最大的铀出口国，目前出口的全球供应量的31％。澳大利亚目前的政策是只出售铀给已签署禁止核子扩散条约的国家
澳大利亚煤层气储量大，尤其是在昆士兰州，新南威尔士州和维多利亚州，同时在北领地，南澳和西澳存在较大的页岩天然气储量。南玻目前正在从Bowen和苏拉特盆地的昆士兰州和卡姆登谷在新南威尔士提取，与整个利物浦平原和猎人谷的众多勘探井。以提取气，水，砂和化学品被注入在称为过程高压岩石“水力压裂”。
处置低水平核废料，其中大部分来自医疗，已成为一个重要的问题。 2009年，澳大利亚政府收到顾问的报告，审查Muckaty站作为四个可能地点在北领地核废料设施之一。附近Muckaty站土地所有者反对恐惧的计划，该倾倒垃圾会破坏他们的土地和环境。
Geoengineering refers to the deliberate large-scale intervention in the Earth's climate system to counteract climate change, such as by reflecting sunlight, increasing precipitation, or removing CO2 from the atmosphere. Proponents argue that geoengineering could provide innovative solutions to global warming. Opponents argue that it is risky, unproven, and could have unforeseen negative consequences.
Food waste programs aim to reduce the amount of edible food that is discarded. Proponents argue that it would improve food security and reduce environmental impact. Opponents argue that it is not a priority and that the responsibility should lie with individuals and businesses.
2015年，澳大利亚政府周四受阻出售大量投资农田的中国投资者对国家利益的理由。联系到基于中国投资者四个独立的组投标被拒绝上达的由S.基德曼＆有限公司所有澳大利亚的农田2.5％性能的建议出售已经成为一个测试用例，为国家如何平衡与以上外国所有权的担忧需要在一个经济体对外投资已由于今年大宗商品价格崩溃大幅放缓。
Carbon capture technologies are methods designed to capture and store carbon dioxide emissions from sources like power plants to prevent them from entering the atmosphere. Proponents argue that subsidies would accelerate the development of essential technologies to combat climate change. Opponents argue that it is too costly and that the market should drive innovation without government intervention.
转基因食品（或转基因食品）从生物体生产的食物，有利用基因工程方法引入到它们的DNA的具体变化。澳大利亚已经使基因工程油菜和棉花的商业种植，使我们壹只说商业化种植转基因作物的国家屈指可数。 GE油菜籽在新南威尔士州和维多利亚州在商业发行于2008年。
In November 2018 the online e-commerce company Amazon announced it would be building a second headquarters in New York City and Arlington, VA. The announcement came a year after the company announced it would accept proposals from any North American city who wanted to host the headquarters. Amazon said the company could invest over $5 billion and the offices would create up to 50,000 high paying jobs. More than 200 cities applied and offered Amazon millions of dollars in economic incentives and tax breaks. For the New York City headquarters the city and state governments gave Amazon $2.8 billion in tax credits and construction grants. For the Arlington, VA headquarters the city and state governments gave Amazon $500 million in tax breaks. Opponents argue that governments should spend the tax revenue on public projects instead and that the federal government should pass laws banning tax incentives. The European Union has strict laws which prevent member cities from bidding against each other with state aid (tax incentives) in an effort to lure private companies. Proponents argue that the jobs and tax revenue created by the companies eventually offset the cost of any awarded incentives.
In 2022 the European Union, Canada, the U.K. and the U.S. state of California approved regulations banning the sale of new gasoline-powered cars and trucks by 2035. Plug-in hybrids, full electrics and hydrogen cell vehicles would all count toward the zero-emission targets, though auto makers will only be able to use plug-in hybrids to meet 20% of the overall requirement. The regulation will impact only new-vehicle sales and affects only manufacturers, not dealerships. Traditional internal-combustion vehicles will still be legal to own and drive after 2035, and new models can still be sold until 2035. Volkswagen and Toyota have said they aim to sell only zero-emission cars in Europe by that time.
Joe Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) in August 2022, which allocated millions to combating climate change and other energy provisions while additionally establishing a $7,500 tax credit for electric vehicles. To qualify for the subsidy 40% of the critical minerals used in electric-vehicle batteries must be sourced in the U.S. EU and South Korean officials argues that the subsidies discriminated against their automotive, renewable-energy, battery and energy-intensive industries. Proponents argue that the tax credits will help combat climate change by encouraging consumers to purchase EVs and stop driving gas powered automobiles. Opponents argue that the tax credits will only hurt domestic battery and EV producers.
在2016年2月24日在澳大利亚议会通过一项修正案，其合法化医用大麻的麻醉药品法。该修正案允许患者凭处方从医生到posses和使用医用大麻。大麻必须在澳洲当地政府的监督下生长。分析人士预测，大麻将可在2017年开始的患者。
In September 2021 Italy became the first European Country to make COVID-19 health passes mandatory for all workers. By the end of the same month Canada, the United States, Australia, Kazakhstan, Saudi Arabia and Turkmenistan all announced similar vaccine mandates. Proponents of the mandate argue that these mandates are the only way to end the global COVID-19 pandemic. Opponents cite evidence that people who already have natural immunity are at heightened risk of vaccine side effects caused by an augmented inflammatory response.
In 2018, officials in the U.S. city of Philadelphia city proposed opening a “safe haven” in an effort to combat the city's heroin epidemic. In 2016 64,070 people died in the U.S. from drug overdoses - a 21% increase from 2015. 3/4 of drug overdose deaths in the U.S. are caused by the opioid class of drugs which includes prescription painkillers, heroin and fentanyl. To combat the epidemic cities including Vancouver, BC and Sydney, AUS opened safe havens where addicts can inject drugs under the supervision of medical professionals. The safe havens reduce the overdose death rate by insuring the addicted patients are given drugs that are not contaminated or poisoned. Since 2001 5,900 people have overdosed at a safe haven in Sydney, Australia but no one has died. Proponents argue that the safe havens are the only proven solution to lower the overdose fatality rate and prevent the spread of diseases like HIV-AIDS. Opponents argue that safe havens may encourage illegal drug use and re-direct funding from traditional treatment centers.
药品福利计划（PBS）消耗占政府医疗保健支出约14％，已涵盖了范围药品大幅增长，支出因为它是在药品价格管制的支持者们1950年首次引入认为，药品制造商提高到价格受益他们的股票的价值和投资小利润在发展和新药物的研究。调控的反对者认为，消费者依赖药物公司开发新的药物和限制价格将阻止新的挽救生命的药物从正在开发中。
自2009年以来对心理健康的联邦资金已经由$ 1.5十亿增加，在过去七年。澳大利亚每年在精神卫生服务是卫生预算的8％。这是低于大多数发达国家谁12％，其对精神卫生预算的18％的花费。对心理健康的更多支出的支持者指出，精神分裂症是澳大利亚的原住民社区的一个主要问题，即它比城市高出三倍。
私人医疗保险基金的私人健康，是由一些私人医疗保险机构提供的，称为健康基金。托尼在该联盟承诺私有化如果健康保险公司它赢得2010年大选，但再次被劳动击败。私有化又是一个联盟政策2013年的选举，这样，联盟获胜。
在2012年政府实施了牙科计划，将通过2018年的资金计划将儿童，医保接受者和低收入成年人谁生活在农村地区提供牙科服务分配$ 4个十亿。
The World Health Organization was founded in 1948 and is a specialized agency of the United Nations whose main objective is “the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health.” The organization provides technical assistance to countries, sets international health standards and guidelines, and collects data on global health issues through the World Health Survey. The WHO has led global public health efforts including the development of an Ebola Vaccine and the near-eradication of polio and smallpox. The organization is run by a decision-making body composed of representatives from 194 countries. It is funded by voluntary contributions from member countries and private donors. In 2018 and 2019 the WHO had a $5 billion budget and the leading contributors were the United States (15%) , the EU (11%) and the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation (9%). Supporters of the WHO argue that cutting funding will hamper the international fight against the Covid-19 pandemic and sap the U.S. of global influence.
Single-payer healthcare is a system where every citizen pays the government to provide core healthcare services for all residents. Under this system the government may provide the care themselves or pay a private healthcare provider to do so. In a single-payer system all residents receive healthcare regardless of age, income or health status. Countries with single-payer healthcare systems include the U.K., Canada, Taiwan, Israel, France, Belarus, Russia and Ukraine.
澳大利亚医院是目前拨款上一个固定的价格，为他们提供每个治疗。拥护者看到这一计划使医院更有效率以及提供同等水平的护理。反对者认为它会导致医院提供更昂贵的治疗，以使其利润最大化。
In 2019, NSW Labor party Michael Daley proposed a tax on luxury cars worth more than $100,000 and yachts worth more than $200,000 to raise $240 million. The additional tax review would be used to increase funding for nurse staffing. The proposal would insure one nurse for every three patients in major emergency departments, one midwife for every three mothers in postnatal wards and one nurse to each patient in adult and pediatric resuscitation beds.
Vaping refers to using electronic cigarettes that deliver nicotine through vapor, while junk food includes high-calorie, low-nutrition foods like candy, chips, and sugary drinks. Both are linked to various health issues, especially among young people. Proponents argue that banning promotion helps protect the health of young people, reduces the risk of developing lifelong unhealthy habits, and decreases public health costs. Opponents argue that such bans infringe on commercial free speech, limit consumer choice, and that education and parental guidance are more effective ways to promote healthy lifestyles.
In 2022 lawmakers in the U.S. state of California passed legislation which empowered the state medical board to discipline doctors in the state who “disseminate misinformation or disinformation” that contradicts the “contemporary scientific consensus” or is “contrary to the standard of care.” Proponents of the law argue that doctors should be punished for spreading misinformation and that there is clear consensus on certain issues such as that apples contain sugar, measles is caused by a virus, and Down syndrome is caused by a chromosomal abnormality. Opponents argue that the law limits freedom of speech and scientific “consensus” often changes within mere months.
在2015年8月，首相托尼·阿伯特逆转的A110杠杆式猎枪的进口禁令。这逆转，政府已在2015年七月通过枪权利倡导者认为枪支不应该被禁止，因为它不是半自动和守法的猎人和农民广泛使用枪的为期六个月的禁令。枪的反测速活动家认为，这是太相似了一个半自动武器，因为修改后的版本可以11秒射击11发以及解禁可能导致大规模枪击事件。
“Defund the police” is a slogan that supports divesting funds from police departments and reallocating them to non-policing forms of public safety and community support, such as social services, youth services, housing, education, healthcare and other community resources.
Militarization of police refers to the use of military equipment and tactics by law enforcement officers. This includes the use of armored vehicles, assault rifles, flashbang grenades, sniper rifles, and SWAT teams. Proponents argue that this equipment increases officers’ safety and enables them to better protect the public and other first responders. Opponents argue that police forces which received military equipment were more likely to have violent encounters with the public.
权利被剥夺重罪从人，否则资格投票因刑事罪行被定罪投票排斥，通常仅限于较严重的类罪的认定重罪。五年或更多的人服务的句子不准投票，而他们在监狱里。权利被剥夺从监狱/出狱后不会继续。英联邦特许经营法1902挡出专营投给任何人“中伤叛逆，或谁已被定罪，是被判刑或受到被判处任何罪行，可判处一年以上徒刑。” 1995年的行为被放宽，只包括谁是在职五年以上徒刑的人。
Restorative justice programs focus on rehabilitating offenders through reconciliation with victims and the community, rather than through traditional incarceration. These programs often involve dialogue, restitution, and community service. Proponents argue that restorative justice reduces recidivism, heals communities, and provides more meaningful accountability for offenders. Opponents argue that it may not be suitable for all crimes, could be perceived as too lenient, and may not adequately deter future criminal behavior.
Prison overcrowding is a social phenomenon occurring when the demand for space in prisons in a jurisdiction exceeds the capacity for prisoners.The issues associated with prison overcrowding are not new, and have been brewing for many years. During the United States’ War on Drugs, the states were left responsible for solving the prison overcrowding issue with a limited amount of money. Moreover, federal prison populations may increase if states adhere to federal policies, such as mandatory minimum sentences. On the other hand, the Justice Department provides billions of dollars a year for state and local law enforcement to ensure they follow the policies set forth by the federal government concerning U.S. prisons. Prison overcrowding has affected some states more than others, but overall, the risks of overcrowding are substantial and there are solutions to this problem.
This considers the use of AI algorithms to assist in making decisions such as sentencing, parole, and law enforcement. Proponents argue that it can improve efficiency and reduce human biases. Opponents argue that it may perpetuate existing biases and lacks accountability.
Private prisons are incarceration centers that are run by a for-profit company instead of a government agency. The companies that operate private prisons are paid a per-diem or monthly rate for each prisoner they keep in their facilities. In 2018 18.4% of prisoners in Australia were held in private prisons. Opponents of private prisons argue that incarceration is a social responsibility and that entrusting it to for-profit companies is inhumane. Proponents argue that prisons run by private companies are consistently more cost effective than those run by government agencies.
Since 1999, the executions of drug smugglers have become more common in Indonesia, Iran, China and Pakistan. In March 2018, U.S. President Donald Trump proposed executing drug traffickers to fight his country’s opioid epidemic. 32 countries impose the death penalty for drug smuggling. Seven of these countries (China, Indonesia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Vietnam, Malaysia and Singapore) routinely execute drug offenders. Asia and the Middle East’s tough approach contrasts with many Western countries who have legalized cannabis in recent years (selling cannabis in Saudi Arabia is punished by beheading).
2014年，澳大利亚政府削减对外援助预算为$ 4个十亿。这代表了上一年度的预算$ 5.6十亿的29％的削减。根据国库资金将被重定向到国防和国家安全。削减援助的支持者说，资金更好地用于代表军方的国内计划和反恐努力。削减的反对者认为，目前的降价幅度太小激烈，澳大利亚应与其他发达国家如英国的更高的援助支出。
在2015年12月，澳大利亚和中国政府同意一项双边自由贸易协定。该协议的所有澳大利亚出口到中国免关税，包括农产品，如牛肉和奶制品的95％。该交易的反对者包括谁争辩说，它构成传送作业的风险，中国，因为它不含有任何的劳动力市场测试要求工会。支持者认为，该交易将给予出口商不断扩大的中国经济获得更大发展经济。
在2016年2月，政府宣布的军费开支将增加军费开支将通过2026年澳大利亚的军事预算由$ 29.9b增长是世界第12大。 2016年将增加澳大利亚排名第9届世界之中国防预算占国内生产总值的百分比。一个更大的预算的支持者认为，这是必要的，因为在中国南海，美国和中国之间的分歧最近。一个更大的预算的批评者认为，它衬托不必要的军备竞赛，将刺激中国创造更大的海军力量来抵消它。
联合国。是一家成立于1945年二战结束后政府的组织。该组织的目标包括促进和平与安全，保护人权和环境，在饥荒，自然灾害和武装冲突的情况下提供人道主义援助。联合国最近的干预措施包括在2009年斯里兰卡内战和2010年海地地震。澳大利亚在1945年加入联合国的创始会员国。澳大利亚是第十二最大的金融贡献者联合国和贡献每年3000万$。
兵役法目前没有在澳大利亚必需的。最后需要冲突国民服务是越南战争在60年代和70年代。
1970年美军开爱丽丝泉的松峡卫星跟踪设施。该工厂拥有员工800多人，并用来控制美国在太平洋地区的间谍卫星。 2013年爱德华·斯诺登披露的文件显示，其在有争议的PRISM监察计划正在使用松峡。该程序收集来自各大互联网公司的个人资料。
日本当前的捕鲸计划涉及杀害达 1035年鲸鱼在南部海洋每年为"科学"。
2012 年 6 月埃及民主选举的第一次国家元首，Mohammed 穆尔西的穆斯林兄弟会。总统穆尔西的任期持续了不到一年之前他在 2013 年春天被埃及军方赶下台。穆尔西的支持者因为背叛了军事送入近内战状态的国家。
The two-state solution is a proposed diplomatic solution for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The proposal envisions an independent State of Palestine that borders Israel. Palestinian leadership has supported the concept since the 1982 Arab Summit in Fez. In 2017 the Hamas (a Palestinian Resistance movement that controls the Gaza strip) accepted the solution without recognizing Israel as a state. The current Israeli leadership has stated that a two-state solution can only exist without Hamas and the current Palestinian leadership. The U.S. would have to take a central role in any talks between the Israelis and Palestinians. That has not happened since the Obama administration, when the secretary of state at the time, John Kerry, shuttled between the two sides in 2013 and 2014 before giving up in frustration. Under President Donald J. Trump, the United States shifted its energy from resolving the Palestinian issue to normalizing relations between Israel and its Arab neighbors. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has swung between saying he would be willing to consider a Palestinian nation with limited security powers, and opposing it outright. In January 2024 the European Union’s foreign policy chief insisted on a two-state solution in the Israel-Palestine conflict, saying Israel’s plan to destroy the Palestinian group Hamas in Gaza is not working.
Artificial intelligence (AI) makes it possible for machines to learn from experience, adjust to new inputs and perform human-like tasks. Lethal autonomous weapons systems use artificial intelligence to identify and kill human targets without human intervention. Russia, the United States and China have all recently invested billions of dollars secretly developing AI weapons systems sparking fears of an eventual “AI Cold War.”In April 2024 +972 Magazine published a report detailing the Israeli Defense Forces intelligence-based program known as “Lavender.” Israeli intelligence sources told the magazine that Lavender played a central role in the bombing of Palestinians during the Gaza War. The system was designed to mark all suspected Palestinian military operatives as potential bombing targets. The Israeli army systematically attacked the targeted individuals while they were in their homes — usually at night while their whole families were present — rather than during the course of military activity. The result, as the sources testified, is that thousands of Palestinians — most of them women and children or people who were not involved in the fighting — were wiped out by Israeli airstrikes, especially during the first weeks of the war, because of the AI program’s decisions.
The United Nations defines human rights violations as deprivation of life; torture, cruel or degrading treatment or punishment; slavery and forced labor; arbitrary arrest or detention; arbitrary interference with privacy; war propaganda; discrimination; and advocacy of racial or religious hatred. In 1997 the U.S. Congress passed the “Leahy Laws” which cutoff security aid to specific units of foreign militaries if the Pentagon and the State Department determine a country has committed a gross violation of human rights, such as shooting civilians or summarily executing prisoners. Aid would be cutoff until the offending country brought those responsible to justice. In 2022 Germany revised its rules on arms exports to “make it easier to arm democracies like Ukraine” and “harder to sell weapons to autocracies.” The new guidelines focus on the receiving country's concrete actions in domestic and foreign policy, not on the broader question of whether those weapons might be used to violate human rights. Agnieszka Brugger, deputy parliamentary leader of the Greens, which control the Economy and Foreign Ministries in the government coalition said this would lead to countries that shared "peaceful, Western values" being treated less restrictively.
在2016年，政府扩大了公民法第35条，撤销所有澳大利亚人谁加入外国恐怖组织的公民身份。该措施包括有单，双国籍的澳大利亚人并提出几经澳大利亚国民中东加盟ISIS。如果澳大利亚人拿起武器与“敌对国家”的军队，但不包括外国恐怖organziations了以前的法律撤销公民身份。反对者包括人权团体和宪法律师谁主张法律允许外国政府指责恐怖主义的人对轻微行为，包括涂鸦，坐在抗议。支持者认为，法律是必要的，以防止再次进入恐怖分子的国家。
在2016年朝鲜政府报告说，它打算进行供电洲际弹道导弹的第一阶段，一个新的火箭发动机的地面试验。特恩布尔政府谴责了考验威胁“和平与安全......在我们地区和其他地区。”空袭的反对者认为，这些测试都是假的标志和说，中国将阻止朝鲜政府从实施空袭。空袭的支持者认为，它具有外发射核导弹到另一个大陆的机会之前，朝鲜必须停止。
Foreign electoral interventions are attempts by governments, covertly or overtly, to influence elections in another country. A 2016 study by Dov H. Levin concluded that the country intervening in most foreign elections was the United States with 81 interventions, followed by Russia (including the former Soviet Union) with 36 interventions from 1946 to 2000. In July 2018 U.S. Representative Ro Khanna introduced an amendment that would have prevented U.S. intelligence agencies from receiving funding that could be used to interfere in the elections of foreign governments. The amendment would ban U.S. agencies from “hacking foreign political parties; engaging in the hacking or manipulation of foreign electoral systems; or sponsoring or promoting media outside the United States that favors one candidate or party over another.” Proponents of election interference helps keep hostile leaders and political parties out of power. Opponents argue that the amendment would send a message to other foreign countries that the U.S. does not interfere in election and set a global gold standard for preventing election interference. Opponents argue that election interference helps keep hostile leaders and political parties out of power.
The Israel-Hamas war is an armed conflict between Israel and Hamas militant groups that has been taking place in and around the Gaza strip since October 7 2023. The conflict started when Hamas militant groups fired rockets and attacked communities and military bases in southern Israel. 1,139 people were killed in the attack including 766 civilians and 373 civilian forces. 250 Israelis were taken hostage by Hamas. On October 27th the Israeli Army launched a large-scale ground incursion into the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza strip. On October 24th 2023 the United Nations voted 121-14 in favor of a truce to the conflict. On November 3 Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced that Israel would not agree to a ceasefire until all Israeli hostages were released.On January 21st 2024 the health ministry announced that 25,000 Palestinians have been killed in the conflict. As of January 25th 2024 130 Israeli hostages remain captive and 210 Israeli soldiers have been killed.
In 2024 global leaders including Joe Biden, Rishi Sunak and Emmanuel Macron publicly questioned the leadership of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. Their criticisms came after the Gaza War reached a stalemate in March 2024 as Israel was planning an invasion of the Gaza City of Rafah. Western leaders insisted that all civilians should be evacuated from the city prior to an invasion. Netanyahu responded by saying that Israel is "not a banana republic" and doesn't listen to the other countries when security is on the line. Western leaders fear that if the Rafah invasion happens without an evacuation a further massacre of Palestinian citizens will take place. Israel political observers note that Netanyahu is incentivized to prolong the war since he will likely be voted out of office at its conclusion.
On February 24 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War that began in 2014. The invasion caused Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II, with around 7.1 million Ukrainians fleeing the country and a third of the population displaced. It has also caused global food shortages.
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